aomuf
raoygeJY
raoygeJY raoygeJY
raoygeJY
cspfaom wdkvf;
uRefr xGufoGm;NyD;qdkwm &SifodrSmyg uRefr qufNyD; onf;rcHedkifawmhbl;
uRefr arG;pm;tazu t&ufaomufNyD;&if &rf; wmawGudk uRefr qufNyD; rcHpm;edkifawmhbl;
a&SYae ac:xm;awmh *Refedk
rif; bmrS apm'u wufp&mr&Sdawmhbl;
qefrGef vm;
aumifav; rif;acgif;xdcdkufxm;wmvm;
b,fol vdkY rif;xifaewmvm;
ig rif; taemufydkif;udk xGufoGm;NyDvdkYxifaewm
-wHwm; wnfaqmufa&;twGufvm; -tJh'd wHwm;u aqmufaeNyD *Refedk
igtck 'DrSm a&mufaew,f
-rif; b,folUudkajymaewmvJ -bm
-igu bmaMumifha&SUaeac:&rSmvJ -*suf aMumifhaygh
*suf vm;
ol ighudk ylzif; rSm tapmMuD;uwnf;uapmifhaewm
ol NrdKYxJrSm edkvef eJYoGm;ae aeNyD; rif;udk uGm&Sif; pmcsKyf ydkUvdkufw,fvdkY oluajymw,f
rif; a&SUaeac:csdefvJ &SdawmhrSm r[kwfbl;
'gu owif;a[mif;MuD;yJ qefrGef
ighudk ajymwm r[kwfavmufbl [kwfw,frvm; ig rGefwm;em;u aexGufvmwmav
oHk;vawmif &SdNyD rSwfrdao;vm;
ol q&mr vkyfzdkYausmif;udkjyefoGm;awmhr,fvdkY ajymvm;
-q&mr vm; -[kwfw,f
urÇmMuD;u b,frSm tqHk;owfrSmvJ odvm; *Refedk
rif; eSvHk;ckef wm&yfoGm;wJhtcsdefyJ ygwem
t&mtm;vHk;u aemufusaeNyD
rif; tD&ma[mfvefbif udkod&ifaumif;rSmyJ
-bmudk od&rSmvJ -rif; olYtwGuf b,feSpf eSpfavmuf tvkyf vkyfay;cJhvJ
oleJY armfvD eYJ raocif
ig olYtwGuf wpfeSpfavmufyJ vkyfay;cJhwm
-ol uoabmaumif;wJh olaX;wpfa,mufyJ -[kwfvm;
tif; 'DrSmem;axmif '&ufypf qdkwJh igh&JUa&SUaeudkoGm;awGU
ig ruGm&Sif; csifbl; qefrGef igh rdom;pk eJY igjyefaecsifwm
bmyJjzpfjzpf rif;olUudkoGm;awGUvdkufyg ol rif;udk ulnDedkifrSmyg
rif; ta0; udka&mufaecJhwmrvm; *Ref
cifAsm; uRefawmfh udkodw,f
'DjrdKUav;u ao;ao;av;yg '&ufypf yg
'Dudpö udkwdkifyifzdkYtwGuf cifAsm;u toifhawmfqHk;yJvdkU
qefrGefb&pfvufyf uajymvdkYyg
0ifcJhav *Ref
rif; bmawG&xm;vJ MunfhMunfh&atmif
'grif;udk vGefcJhwJh &ufav;q,f uwnf;u ydkYxm;wmyJ
tajz jyefay;zdkYtwGuf Oya' rSmu &uf20 yJcGifhjyKxm;wm
olwdkU wpfckck vTrff;rdk;cHae&w,f
jyóem uaus;Zl;wif&rSmyg 'gu raoedkifygbl;
uRefawmf cifAsm;tultnDudk vdkw,f uRefawmf ruGm&Sif;csifbl;
-'DtwGuf uRefawmf eJY *sufeJY rsufeSmcsif; qdkifrawGU&ao;bl; -ig pdwfraumif;ygbl;
-olu aumifav;twGufaMumifh 'DvdkpDpOfrdwmyg -rif;&JU om;vm;
ekdvefyg olUudkarG;NyD;uwnf;u
-olpajymif;vJ vmawmhwmyJ -ajymif;vJ vmwmvm;
&kwfw&uf yJ oluydkvdkcsifvmw,f
uRefawmf tNrJwrf; axmufyHhay;aewmyg
uRefawmf raxmufyHhbl;vdkY olrajymedkifygbl; uRefawmf vlysif; wpfa,mufr[kwfygbl;
rif;taz pd;yGm;ysufuwnf;u rif;'ku©a&mufaewmvdkY 'DrSm ajymxm;w,f
r[kwfygbl; q&m uRefawmfh rSm tvkyfawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f
tvkyfawGu trsm;MuD;yg a&&Snfawmhr[kwfbl; uRefawmf olUudkulnDedkifatmifvdkY
axmywf qdkifrSm vkyfcJhygw,f
uRefawmf rvkyfawmhwJh tcsdefusawmh
uRefawmf tcef;usOf; av;xJrSm wpf&ufvHk; raeedkifbl;av
uRefawmf arG;jrLa&;jcHudkvnf; wdk;wufatmifvkyfcJhwmyJ uRefawmf odwm'gtukefyJ
rif;udk igb,fvdkulnDedkifrvJ *Ref
ol a&SUae eJY wpfcg vkyfNyD;NyD
olUudk tdrfjyefac:vmedkif&if uRefawmf tckoGm;awmhr,f
cifAsm;u olU&JUa&SUaeudk 'gudkajymay;yg
igu rif;rdbawG eJY &if;eSD;ygw,f
olwdkY&JU jcHawGudk qDq,fedkbdkif; qD
a&mif;cs zdkYtwif;tusyfzdtm;ay;cH&wkef;u
igu bPfbufuaevdkufcJhwmyg raumif;rSef igodygw,f 'gayr,fh igwdkYtm;vHk;vkyfcJhwmyJ
rif;taz ta<u;awG uif;oGm;atmif bPfu vkyfay;cJhwmyg
tJh'dtcsdefu pD;yGm;a&;uvnf;
olUudk ydkNyD; 'ku©a&mufapwmaygh
tif;
tJh'daemuf olaeraumif;jzpfoGm;w,f
*Ref vm;
rif;udk,f rif; jyefar;&r,fhar;cGef;u
rif; igeJY twlvkyfedkifrSmvm; qdkwmyJ
cifAsm;u 'DjrdKYrSm aps;taygqHk; a&SUaewpfa,mufvdkY qdkifrGef uajymw,f
-t"dyÜg,f ucifAsm;u rxl;cRef bl;vm; -aumif;NyD
pum;ajymw,fqdkwm yHkpH trsdK;rsdK;&Sdw,f *Ref
t"du uawmh ydkufqHtaMumif;yJajymwmrvm;
ighrSm ZeD;r&Sdbl; rdom;pk r&Sdbl; igh&JU trIonfawGyJ&Sdw,f
olwdkY&if xJu jyóemudk ajz&Sif;zdkYyJ&Sdw,f
igh oli,fcsif; awGukd igodygw,f qdkifrGef Oyrm ydef ydef eJY wif;rm;w,f
olxGufvmatmif rif;b,fvdkvkyfrSmvJ
xm;vdkufygawmh 'gu oleJY igeJY Mum;uudpöyg *Ref
rif;eJY igeJY Mum;rSm igu rif;&JU a&SUaewpfa,mufqdkawmh
rif;MudKufwm ajymvdkY&w,f
rif; ig&JU trIonfawGtwGuf umuG,fwJhae&mrSm uRrf;usifrIudk rif;rodygbl;
rif; tckjzpfwmxufawmif ydkNyD;'ku©a&mufoGm;edkifw,f
rif; tzrf; cHedkifvm;
rif;
rif; tckuae oHk;&ufavmuf tzrf;cHedkifvm;
pm&GufawG tukef&NyD;NyD
aemufwpfcku rif;axmif xJrSm wpfywf eSpfywfavmufae&wmxuf
ydkqdk;wmawG jzpfrSmudkvnf; igpdwfraumif;bl;
rif;rSm xdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcGifh
'grSr[kwf vmvnfydkifcGifh &Sdvm;
r&Sdbl;q&m r&Sdbl;
uRefawmf ruGm&Sif; csifbl;
uRefawmf rdom;pkeJY twljyefaecsifw,f 'Dudpöudk cifAsm;wwfedkifoavmuf tcsdefqGJxm;ay;
tckvdk tcsdefay;wJh twGufaus;Zl;wifygw,f
aus;Zl;yJ
eifuawmh vSaewmyJaemf
-eifh&JU oli,fcsif;vm; -tJhwpfa,mufu vlwpfa,mufudkpHkprf;aewmyg
-b,foludkvJ -aocsmvnf;rodygbl;
[efvdkY ac:w,fwJh olYudkjrifzl;vdkUvm; 'DvdkemrnfeJY wlwJYvludka&modvdkUvm;
&Sif bmrSm rSmvJ
'defcJnyf xm;wJh[rfbm*g wpfyGJ
NyD;awmh aumfzDwpfcGuf
-b,fvdk csdpf rsdK;vJ -b,fvdktrsdL;tpm;qdkwm eifodygw,f abbD
a*:zD okyf vm;
-r[kwfbl; ig qvwf&GufyJ ,lr,f -&Sif qvwf &Gufrpm;ygbl;
aemufwpfrsdK;ajymif;pm;&if aumif;r,fxifvdkY
a'gufwmu vnf;ightwGufaumif;w,fvdkYajymw,f
qvwf &GufyJrsm;rsm;vkyfvmay;yg
iga&SUae iSm;vdkufNyD eif jzpfapcsifwJhyHkpHtwdkif;aygh eifh&JU aumifudk oGm;ajymcdkif;vdkufNyD
-ig w&m;&Hk;udk oGm;zdkYtoifhjzpfaeNyD -&Sif oGm;oifhygw,f
igu twloGm;r,fvdkYajymwm
tdk; *Ref
'g &SifhtMuHvdkYxifxm;wm
-uRefrwdkY rcGJcifuwnf;uaygh -igwdkY cGJraeygbl; eifu xGufoGm;wmyg
ig tvkyfr&SdawmhwJhaemufwpf&ufrSmyJ igh om;eJY xGufoGm;wmav
-raumif; bl;qdkwmuRefr odygw,f -igrSm eifwdkYeSpfa,muftwGuf tdrfrSmwpfckckygvmw,f
-igNyD;rS yJ,lvmcJhr,f -bmawGvJ
pm;p&meJY ydkufqHaygh
&Sif uRefrukd tckay;edkifrvm; &Sifem&D rxdk;cif uRefr twef;&Sdao;w,f
-igNyD;rS vmcJhr,f -&Sif 'Dn vmvdkY&rSmr[kwfbl;
-bmjzpfvdkYcJ eifcsdef;xm;wm&SdvdkYvm; -uRefr tckrajymedkifbl;
eifu tck'gudkrajymedkifbl;vm; eifu NyD;&ifa&m 'gudkrajymedkifbl;rvm;
-b,ftcsdefrS 'gudkajymedkifrSmvJ -awmif;yefygw,f
-rif;ajymwmu bk&m;ocifu tif;tm;MuD;w,fqdkwm -ig edkvef udktJh'drSm vmawGUr,f
-ol tJh'drSm &Sdaer,fr[kwfvm; -'gu roifhawmfwJh tcsdefav
ig olUudkawGUrS &r,f
NyD;awmh eifh udka&myJ
igwdkY&JU tem*wftwGuf eifhudk ta&;MuD;wJhpum;awGajymp&m&Sdw,f
-*Ref uRefr -rif; ighabmif;bDudk bmvkyfxm;vJ Munfhtkef;
-rif; abmif;bDu bmjzpfvdkYvJ -pkwfysufaeNyD
-aumif;NyD -igwdkY jyóemwpfckckjzpfaewmvm;
0ifvmNyd;awmh bmvdkYaygufu&awGajymaewmvJ
udk,fhudk udk,f 'ku©r&SmygeJY ylzif; igwdkY [dkbufrSmqdk tqifajyrSmyg
igwdkY [dkbufrSmajymvdkY&w,frvm; rif;abmif;bD vnf;oefY&Sif;vdkY&w,f
tjyifudkxGufvmcJh [kwfw,f tjyifudkoGm;r,f
-tdwf udkcsxm;vdkuf -'gu befrGef 1201 r[kwfbl;vm;
ig rif;udk bmrS rvkyfygbl;
tdkau ig tdrfrSSm;oGm;wmxifw,f
-[kwfw,f -'DvdkyJav
r[kwfbl; olrvkyfygbl;
-olu *Refyg -*Ref vm;
olUa,musfm; av
uRefr u *suf &JU oli,fcsif umvm yg
ylzif; uav
uRefr uav;xdef;aewmyg
uav;xdef; ay;aewmvm;
-*suf b,frSmvJ -rar; xm;bl;av
rif;wdkY wDAD eYJ raumif;wJhum;awG Munfhaewmvm;
-[kwfw,f igwdkY&JU usef;rma&;twGufaygh -rif; ighudkaoewf eJYcsdefcJhwmyJ
0dk; 0dk; 0dk; igtck ta0;MuD;rSm xm;vdkufygNyD
eifwkdYawG ighuav;a&SUrSm vkyfaeMuwmaygh
olu tdyfaewmyg
rif; olUudkedk;atmifrvkyfcifxdaygh *Ref
igjyefvmwJhtcsdefus&if rif;xGufoGm;wmyJjzpfjzpf t0wfjzpfjzpf 0wf xm;&ifaumif;r,f
ighrdef;r eJY ighuav;tdrfrSm rif;&JU oem;p&maumif;wJh zifajymifMuD;udkrjrifcsifbl;
a[h a[h taz yg
taz vdkYac:ygtkef;
bmrS rjzpfygbl; bmrSrjzpfygbl;
-uRefr udkay;wmydkaumif;r,f *Ref -olu bmjzpfaevdkYvJ
tdk; olu &SifhudkrS jrifzl;aeus r[kwfwm
ighudk jrifzl;aeus r[kwfbl;qdkwm bmudkajymwmvJ
-bmrS rjzpfygbl; uav;&,f -ol bmjzpfaewmvJ
olYudk b,folawGbmvkyfxm;vdkYvJ
ol enf;enf;aMumufoGm;wmyg
[kwfw,f uav; udkajymaewm
tqifajyvm;
a[h
'DrSm bmawGUcJhw,fqdkwm *sufudkajymvdkuf&rSmvm;
ighudk 'gawmh ,Hkyg
b,fvdkrsdK;vJ
tazh udkekwfqufvdkufygtkef;
rif; rsufeSmudk Munfh&wm
rif; ighudkrSwfrdaewJhyHkpHyJ
rif; bmaMumifh rif;tdrfrSm rvkyfedkifwmvJqdkwmudk igodcsifaewm
bmaMumifhvJ qdkwmrif;odygw,f *Ref
igu awGUorQ udkvdkufvkyfwwfwmav
ighu oem;p&maumifav;yg
rif; bmaMumifh 'DrSm qufxdkifaew,fqdkwmudkvnf; igpOf;pm;vdkYr&bl;
aumif;NyD
'DrSm ighudkxGufoGm;zdkYajymwJholwpfa,mufrS r&Sdbl;
udk,fh[mudk udk,fjyefvkyfwwf wJh aumifawGu 'DvdkygyJ
apmifhraeygeJY
aumif;NyD *Ref 'gu bmrSr[kwfygbl;
rif;eJY apmapmvmcJhoifhw,fvdkY igajymcsifwm
rif; a,musfm;av; yDZm vkyfwmjrif&wmaygh
'gudk iga&cJaowÅm xJxnfhxm;&rSmvm;
'gu toHk;0ifr,fhyHkyJ
rif; ighudk pdwfwdkaewmvm; *Ref
ighudk aoewfeJY csdefwmudk igrMudKufbl;
t&l;wpfaumif 'Dudk0ifvmcJhr,fqdk&if
rif; bmvkyfrSmvJ
ighuav; ab;rSm'Dvdkjzpfaewmudkvnf; igrMudKufbl;
tdk; vkyfprf;yg rif;vdkrsdK; rkqdk; &ifhrmMuD;wpfa,mufuvm;
ig r,HkedkifatmifyJ
trSefu igeJY rif;eJYu twlwlygyJ
ol owfcJhwmawGtwGuf
aemifwr&wJh vlrsdK;udk
ig rif;udkjrifae&ovdkyJ
-ol bmawG oGm;cJhvJqdk wmukdaygh -[kwfvm;
-rif; 'DrSm &Sdaewm *sufodvm; -rif; bmaMumifholUudkoGm;rar;wmvJ
-ig ar;rSmyg rif; vkyfvdkY&wmyJ *Ref
rif;*suf &JU tdwfxJudk ypönf;aumif;aumif;av;awG xnfhay;wJhtcgus&if
rif; olUudk tdkbD udkodvm;vdkYar;vdkuf
tdkbFD'efaumepf udk twdkaumufajymwm
'gu vnf; [ef eJYtwlwlygyJ
awmfawmh *Re
igwdkY t&ifu &if;eSD;zl;avmufygw,f
-[kwfvm; b,fvdkrsdK;vJ -igwdkY eSpfaygif;rsm;pGm udkjyefvSnfhMunfh&r,f
rjzpfpavmuf aiGav;twGuf
rif;eJY twlawmifawGay:udkwufvdkufqif;vdkufeJY tdkbDaumepf u &ufaygif;rsm;pGm ukefqHk;zl;w,fav
rif;u
eSpfawGtrsm;MuD; MumNyD;awmh tck jrdKUudkjyefvmNyD
rif;awmfawmfqdk;qdk; awGeJY MuHKqHkxm;wmudk igodaewmu vGJvdkY
trsm;MuD; rajymif;vJoGm;ygNyD
'D&ufawGxJrSm rif;ydkufqHawmh odyftqifajyrSmr[kwfbl; [kwfw,frvm; *Ref
rif; EGm;jcHu qdkwm igrrSwfrdbl;jzpfaew,f
rif; tdwfudk rxm;cJhawmhbl;aygh *Ref
rif; ighudkodvdkYvm;
odr,f rxifygbl;
'gqdk bmvdkY ighudkMunfhaewmvJ
t&ifu rawGUzl;vdkYaygh
'Dtdrf awGu &JawG udkiSm;zdkYroifhawmfbl;qdkwmudl igodygw,f
rif; 'Duwpfa,mufa,mufeJY oufqdkif&r,f
[kwfw,frvm;
'Dtay:rSm aewJh vleJY igeJYodw,fav 'gyJaygh
igwdkY odwm wpfa,mufwnf;vm; rodbl;
rif; odwJh vlu b,folwkef;
-olwdkU tdrfrSm r&SdMubl; -r&Sdbl; vm;
-[kwfw,f -'gqdk r[kwfavmufawmhbl;
awmfawmf qdk;vm;
-[kwfw,f tJh'drSm -udkifxm;
tckvdk tcsdefay;wJhtwGufaus;Zl; wifygw,f *Ref
rif; tvkyf&Sdvm; *Ref
&Sdw,f trsm;MuD;yJ
ydkufqH trsm;MuD;&wJh tvkyfawmh r[kwfbl;aygh
vkyfazmfudkifzufawG usqHk;oGm;awmh *a&'D vJ usqHk;oGm;wmaygh
olUtar twGufawmh aumif;aumif;vkyfay;cJhr,fvdkY xifwmyJ
'Daumifav; tJhvdkvkyfedkifwJhtwGuf ig*kPf,lygw,f
'gayr,fh ol jcHxJudk wpfacgufxufydkNyD;
jyefrvm awmhbl;rvm; olUudktjypfwif&vnf; cufwmyJ
'D&ufydkif;awGrSmawmh tjyifrSmae&wmu ydkNyD; pdwfvIyf&Sm;zdkY aumif;aerSmaygh
EGm;edkUuae vnf; ydkufqH uodyfr&bl;av
ig t&ifu tJhvdkrsdK; tcsdefjynfhvkyfwJhol rawGUzl;bl;
*a&'D xGufoGm;awmh oltarh tay:awmh yHkrusoGm; bl;av
'gqdk
rif;pdwfxJrSm &Sif;vif;aeNyD
rif;&JU jcH a[mif;rSm tvkyfvkyfcsifcJhr,fqdk&if
ig rif;udktvkyfay;aewmaemf
tvkyfaumif;yJ a&&Snfvkyf&rSm
uRefawmfh taz vkyfwkef;uxuf cifAsm;u 'DjcHudk ydkNyD;atmifjrifatmif vkyfedkifwmyJ
'gu trSef yJav
cifAsm;aMumifh olqHk;&HI;cJhwmr[kwfygbl;
cifAsm; tvkyfay;wJhtwGufvnf;aus;Zl;wifygw,f
tpk&S,f,m oabmrsdK; pdwf0ifpm;vm;
-trdIufawG rjzpfoGm;cifaygh -uRefawmfpdwf0ifpm;ygw,f
aumif;NyD
'Daumif twif;vkyfaewkef;yJvm;
24 em&D twGif; eSpfcg &SdaeNyD
a[mfvefbdpf udkoGm;wmaerSm
aemufajcmufeSpfavmufMuwJh tcsdefa&muf&ifawmh
wpfa,mufa,muf 'Dae&mudk 0,fzdkYvmMunfhrSmyJ
-'D ae&muae xGufoGm;rSmvm; -rif;rajymedkifbl;vm; *Ref
ol &JUordkif;udkodxm;wJh a'ocHvlawGuawmh wpfa,mufrS 'Dae&mudk 0,frSmr[kwfbl;
tD&m eJY armfvD *lawGudkjzwfavQmuf&rSmav
rif; o&J qdkwmudk ,Hkvm; *Ref
-tJhavmufvnf; r,Hkygbl; -[kwfw,f ig vnf;twlwlyJ
'Dtay:rSm xdkifae&wmrdkufw,f
ig tJh'dtdrfrSm awmh wpfoufvHk;aerSmr[kwfbl;
rif;arG;pm; uav;udkrSwfrdao;vm;
-olwdkY towfrcH&cifrSm tD&mtwGuf tvkyfvkyfay;wJhaumifav;av -aumepf vm; -[kwfw,f
-tdkbD'ef aumepf -[kwfw,folyJ -olUudk,fol [efvdkYac:w,fav
-[kwfw,f -yDumav -[kwfw,f -[kwfw,f
tD&m qDuae tJh'dwkef;u
igausmufwkH; awG0,fcJhwmav
rif;&JU oli,fcsif; qefrGefb&pfvyf av ighudktrsm;MuD;ulnDcJhwm
-qefrGef eJY olu tD&,fqD rSmwpfcsdefwnf; tvkyfvkyfwmav -[kwfw,f
aumepf uqdwf udk"g;eJYxdk;vdkY tvkyfjzKwfcH&wmvm; 'grSr[kwf wpfckckaMumifhvm;
r[kwfbl; olEGm;r udkeSvHk;wnfhwnfh "g;eJYxdk;cJhwm
tJh'gaMumifh oltvkyfjzKwfcH&wm
a[h igtck wpfckodoGm;NyD
-olUurif;twGuf tpfudkwpfa,mufvdkyJav -qefrGef vm;
ol uGif;xdk; zdeyfawG vkyfwJhtvkyfudk rvkyfawmhbl;
ol ut&ufyJaomufaeawmhwmyJ
'gu tjcm;vlawGeJY rwlwmav
[kwfw,f 'gayr,fh vmorQvlawGeJY pum;ajymedkifw,faemf
rif; roGm;cif ydkufeJY rxdk;oGm;csifbl;vm;
[ifhtif; uRefawmfh pdwfudkoefYpifvdkufNyD
aumif;ygNyD rif;pdwfxJudk wpfa,mufa,muf 0ifvmtkef;rSmyg
wpfckcktwGufvnf;t oHk;0ifrSmaygh
-uRefawmf t&ifqHk;tvkyfvkyf&tkef;r,f -vlawmfwpfa,mufqdk&ifawmh u,fwifedkifrSmyg
rif; ighqDudkjyefvmtkef;r,frvm; *Ref
tvkyftwGufav
pdwfcsyg
-ajymyg -uRefr &Sifhudk tdrfeJY
a0;a0; aeapcsifw,f
&Sif wHcg;udkzsufNyD;awmhvnf; 0ifvmvdkYr&bl;av
NyD;awmh qDacs;apmf eHaewJhtom;udk vnf; olrsm; um;xJrSmxm;cJhw,f
*Ref vm;
ajymyg
-&Sifu bmvkyfcsifaewmvJ -bmudkvJ
&Sif vkyfcJhw,frvm;
*Ref bk&m;ocif&JU qE´ t&
&Sif 'DydkufqHawGudk b,fu&wmvJ
tJh'gu eif eJY edkvef twGufav
a':vm av;axmif ausmfawmifrSaemf
ig a&awmif ra&cJhbl;
bmawGjzpfaewmvJ *Ref
tqifajy&JUvm;
rif; jcHudk owd&ao;vm;
igwdkY jcH0,fzdkYtwGuf pum;awGajymzl;w,fav
-owd&ao;&JUvm; -eif tNrJajymaewmav
uRefr arG;jrL;a&;NcHxJrSm raecsifawmhbl;
eif aecsifygw,f
r[kwfbl; uRefr arG;jrL;a&;NcHxJrSm raecsifawmhbl;
cspfw,f abbD&,f
awmfygawmh *Ref
eif bmawGjzpfaewmvJ
edkvef &JU uav;xdef;u b,folvJ
ighudk vnf;ac:ao;w,f
*Ref *Ref
tdkau oGm;rSmyg
rif; tqifajyoGm;rSmyg
ig'DrSm &yfaew,fav
-ajymyg -acG;uawmh Zmwfodrf;oGm;NyD
-tckajymaewm b,folvJ -rif;odygw,f [kwfw,frvm;
-bmudkvJ -b,fvdk t&mawGjzpfvmrSmvJ
-bmawGvJ -rif; ,loGm;wJh [mudk
reuf jzefreufrSm jyefvmrxm;bl;qdk&if
aemufxyfaorSm uacG; r[kwfawmhbl;aemf
ig rif;udkvdkuf&SmNyD; rif;&JU vnfyif;udk vmjzwfr,f
rif; igajymwmudkMum;vm;
igajymwmudkMum;vm;
'DrSm olu vmcJhMuav
rif; {nfhonfvufcHw,frvm; *Refedk
-rif; 'DudkaomufwvGJawGvmvkyfwmvJ -[kwfwmaygh
-a[h a[h ighaumifMuD; -rif; bmawGvkyfaevJ
ightwGuf u yef;oD;0dkifqdk&if &NyD
-aoprf; -rif; bpfaumfvufwD udkrSwfrdao;vm;
r[kwfbl; olu 'geJY r&if;eSD;ao;bl;
r[kwf bl; aumfvufwD aoewfav
&efzf aoewf yJ,lvdkufyg
rif;odygw,f olaumhvef rSm ajruGufMuD;&oGm;wmav
vGefcJhwJh av;eSpf ig;eSpfavmufu
ig wdkY 'Drdk udktwlwlvkyfcJhMuwmav
rif; olUudkodygw,f
tdk; vkyfprf;yg
ol paeNyDav
igwdkYbmaMumifholUudk bpfaumfvufwD vdkYac:wmvJ
rif; tJh'dudk oGm;MunfhvdkufwmeJY
rif; vlwpfydkif;yJ jrifae&w,fvdkYxifoGm;r,f
owdawmh xm;aemf
-'gu olUnDr 0rf;uGJ refqD -refqD vm;
[kwfw,f olY&JUaemufausmubufrSm
jcaoFh yHk wufwl;&Sdw,f
aemufausm bufrSmvm;
rif; ighudk OD;pm;awmhay;ygaemf
olUtwGuf 'Daumifhudk [def;a[mufvmatmif vkyfvdkuf
-b,fvdkvJ -igrodbl; igrodawmhbl;
pOf;pm;yg ightpfudk wpfa,mufudk 'Dn igxdef;edkifygw,f
-ig rodbl; -vkyfprf;yg *Ref
rif; &UJ vkyfazmfudkifzuf a[mif;u ighudkaoewfeJYcsdefw,fav
-raeUn u -igh&JU vkyfazmfudkifzufa[mif; vm;
[kwfw,f ig0ifoGm;wJhtcsdefrSm
ol uighuav;xdef;udk vkyfaewmav
tdkbD'rfca&mepfvm; olUudk,fol [efvdkYac:w,fav
qdk;vdkufwm igaemufqHk;Mum;cJhwmu
'DacG;rom; *&if;AD;vdyfpf rSm vkyfae&w,fvdkYMum;wm
oltJh'drSm r[kwfawmhbl;
olUudk,fol jyefcufatmifvkyfaewm
tD&,f eJY armfvD eJY towfcHvdkuf&wmudk
ol &J udkoGm;ajymwmav
rif;&JY oHk;a&mifpyf acG;av;a&m b,fa&mufaevJ
ig 'DudkvmwJhtcsdefwdkif; igha&SUrSm eefYeefYwufaewmyg
rif;'Dudkra&mufcifwpfem&DavmufuyJ olypfowfcHvdkuf&w,f
ypfowfcH&w,f b,folypfwmvJ
ig rjrifvdkufwJhwpfa,mufa,mufaygh
wpfa,mufa,mufqdkuwnf;u taMumif;jycsufawmh&Sd&r,f r[kwfvm; *Ref
rodbl; igvnf;rcefUrSef;wwfawmhbl;
aumif;NyD
taMumif;jycsufawmh &Sd&r,f
uRefrwdkY 'DrSm txD;usefaeNyD aumifav;awG
olUudkol csdefxm;wmvm;
qefrGef
aoprf; bmjzpfaewmvJ Munfhygtkef;
qefrGef uajymw,f
ig vrf;jyygr,f
&Sifwpfckck udk,HkMunfaew,fvdkY qefrGefu ajymw,f
ighrSm rdef;r&Sdw,fqdkwmudka&molajymvm;
olu &Sifhudk xm;oGm;w,fvdkYolajymw,f
NyD;awmh &Sifpdwfudk tem;,lzdkYvdkw,fvdkYvJ ajymw,f
[kwfvm;
uRefr udk &SifcHpm; zdkY tqifoifha&mufaeNyDav
aoprf; uRefr em&D b,frSmvJ
rdk;rd&if ysufoGm;rSmyg
uRefr udk&Smulygtkef;
-uRefr ig;eSpforD;uwnf;u 'gudk&xm;wm -'gvm;
[kwfw,f
qefrGef
ajymyg
eHywfrSm;wmyg *Refedk
igwpfMudrfrSm tjyifxGufcJhw,fav
'gaMumifh igvnf;olUudkjyefvkyfvdkufw,fav
ig &JU t&IyfawGudk&Sif;ae&ovdkrsdK;
ig vnf;paomif;usef;awmhwmyJ
tJh'daumifvJ t&rf;udkaMumufoGm;w,f
olUightay:wGJavmif MuD;usvmwmav
eifajymcJhr,fqdk&if &JawGajc&mcHvdkufrSmyJ
ig olUwdkYudkrS rcdkif;cJhwm
eifwdkY&JU MuufruawmfoHawGudk &yfygawmh
ighacgif; udk
wltMuD;MuD; eSpfvufeJYvmxkaeovdkyJ
rif; orif;awGudk trJvdkufaewkef;yJvm; *Refedk
tif;
-'gu rxl;qef;bl;vm; -eif wpfae&m&mudk oGm;edkifrvm;
&SifyJ uRefrudkaumif;aumif;aeqdk
-refqD -bmvJ
vmyg vmprf;yg
tjyifoGm;NyD;awmh uef'DxJ 0ifaeawmh
uyfap;enf;NyD; &dkif;wJh tzdk;MuD;awG
bdkif;
ig bmajym&rvJ *Refedk rdef;rawG &JUobm0udku t&IyfxkwfMuD;
bk&m;ocif &JUtpdrf;a&mifurÇmMuD;rSm rif;,HkMunfaewmydkaumif;w,f
aemufrS vmawGUr,f
jidrfjidrfae aumifav; &Sif uRefrwdkYudk aoatmifajcmuf vdkufwmvm;
awmif;yefygw,f igeifh udktjcm;wpfa,mufa,mufvdkY xifoGm;vdkYyg
&Sifhvdk vlrsdK;udk b,folu vmwdkufcdkufrSmvJ
jidrfjidrf aeaumifav;
-bk&m;a& *RefrGef -tdyfridkuf bl;rvm;
rdk;xJrSmvm; rpöwm q,feSpfa,mufeJYav
-ig &pfiSuf udkawGUvdkufw,fxifaewm -'grSr[kwf orif vm;
ig rif;udk'DtaMumif;eJYyufoufNyD;ajymrSmr[kwfbl;
ol tvkyfurf;vSrf;wmudk &SifvufcHrSmvm;
ig 'gudkpOf;pm;zdkYtcsdefr&ao;bl;
&Sif vkyfoifhw,faemf udk,f0goemygwJhtvkyfeJY
ydkufqH &wJhtvkyf wpfxyfwnf;uswJhtvkyfrsdK; vlwdkif;&wm r[kwfbl;aemf
odk;arT;&dwfNyD; EGm;edkYnpf wmudkvm;
NyD;awmh uRefr u &SifhvdkyJ ol&JUorD; tazu puf&HkxJrSm vkyfae&&if olaooGm;vdrfhr,f
[kwfw,f
uRefr&JY aEG&moD pD;yGm;a&;oif;wef;rSm
uRefrwdkY tjrwfcGJa0wmudk oif&w,fav &Sif bmvJodvm;
ig rodygbl; 'gayr,fh eif ighudkoifay;zdkYawmif;qdkygw,f
tvkyform;wpfa,mufu oltvkyfvkyfwJh
ukrÜPDrSm &S,f,m enf;enf;avmufydkifr,fqdk&if
uRefrvm; tazh udktJhvdk tMuHay;r,fav
uRefr tvkyfvkyfr,fvdkY olUudkajymr,f
uRefr&JU vpm eJY olY&JUjcHudkenf;enf;jyef0,frvdkYav
eifu igh&JU udk,fykdifjcHudkenf;enf;av; jyef0,fcsifaewmvm;
*RefrGef
&Sif aemufudkyJjyefMunfhaer,fqdk&if b,fawmhrS a&SUudka&mufrSmr[kwfbl;
eif tarG&r,fh[mawG r&awmhrSmudkeif pdk;&drfaewmaerSm
uRefru wpfckawmifrvdkygbl; uRefr toufoHk;q,fa&muf&if rDvsH em MuD;jzpfaeavmufNyD
uRefr&JU ygwemvdkrsdK; uRefrrSm vkyfp&mawGtrsm;MuD;&Sdygw,f
-eif 'gawGtm;vHk;udkcefYrSef;edkifw,frvm; -uRefr &SifhudkyJ ,HkMunfwmyg
uRefr tarGtrsm;MuD;&atmif &SifyJvkyfay;edkifrSmyJav
eifwdkYawG ausmif;rSm bmawGoif&w,fqdkwmudk eifhtaz odvm;
rodygbl; &Sif uRefr&JU udk,fydkiftqkdjyKcsufeJY
&SifolUqD udkoGm;wkef;u oleJY 'DtaMumif;awG rajymcJhwJhtwGufaus;Zl;wifygw,f
'gudk awG;aew,f [kwfw,frvm;
opfawm xJuaejyef&if owdxm; ajcacsmf vdrfhr,f
uRefr twGufpdwfrylygeJY
uRefru jrif;pD;uRrf;usifwJhaumifrav;yg
*Refvm;
&Sif bmawGvkyfaewmvJ
tdk;
ig iSufvdkufypfaewmyg
'DxJrSmvm;
ig tckav;wifrS jyefa&mufwmav
uRefr ,lp&mav;awGvm,lwmyg
-bmawGvJ -uRefr&JU AD&dk xJrSm uRefrt0wfawG&Sdaewkef;yJav
uRefr 'gawGudkyJwpfcsdefvHk; r0wfedkifbl;av
bmjzpfvdkYvJ eif uvSygw,f
uRefr 0ifvmvdkY&rvm;
pdwfat;at;xm;yg igrif;twGuf,lay;ygr,f
eif xGufoGm;uwnf; txJrSm b,favmuf&IyfyGaew,fqkdwm eifMunfhcsifrSm r[kwfavmufbl;
pdwfcsyg
awGU&wm 0rf;omygw,f
qDq,fedkbdkif;u ighudk tcsdefjynfhtvkyfwpfckvkyfzdkY urf;vSrf;vmw,fav
*a&'D ausmif;udkoGm;wmeJYaygh
[kwfvm; &Sif 'gudk vkyfzdkY*kPf,laew,frvm;
eifu 'Dvdk xifw,faygh
igawGUzdkYtwGuf pDpOfxm;NyD;ygNyD
ighudk,fydkifvkyfzdkY ol&JYajrudk enf;enf;avmufcGJa&mif; zdkYoabmwlcJhr,fqdk&if
-[kwfvm; -tif;
'gudk tjrwfcGJa0,lw,fvkdYac:w,fav [kwfw,frvm;
eifa&m b,fvdkxifvJ
uRefr xifwmu
q,fqD uolYtwGuf ukefusr,fqdk&if
b,fvdkoabmwlnDrIjzpfjzpf vkyfrSmyJ
uRefr oGm;awmhr,f
rif;rdef;r rif;uav;
ydkufqHawGudk vTJvdkuf r[kwf&ifawmh ypfowfcH&r,f
rif; bmaMumihf&Judk zkef;rqufwmvJ
aumif;NyD
vkyfprf;yg *suf vkyfprf;yg abbD
vkyfyg abbD
*suf
ig rdom;pk b,fae&mrSmvJ
uRefr bmrS rodbl;
eif ubmudk bmrS rodwmvJ
uRefr bmqdk bmrS rodbl;
t"du uawmh *sufeJY edkvef b,frSm&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk rodbl;
aumif;NyD nDrav; tjrefqHk; vdrfrmyg;eyfzdkYvdkw,faemf
uRefr udkvTwfyg *Ref oluRefrudk bmrSajymroGm;bl; aus;Zl;wifygw,f
ola&m b,frSmvJ
-b,folvJ -eifh&JU aumifudkar;aew,fqdkwmeifodygw,f
aysmfzdkYtwGuf EGm;awG acG;awGudk owfcJhwmav
eifbmaMumifhNyHK;&wmvJ eifjyHK;aewkef;yJ
-ig eifh&JU vufaumif0wf udkcsdK;vdkufrSmaemf -aMumifaewmi uRefr&JUcspfolr[kwfbl;
oltJhvdkYcHpm;ae&wmukd olUqDu Mum;cJhwm
ig olUudkb,frSm&SmvdkY&r,fqdkwmudk eifodw,frvm;
*Ref oltHhMorSmr[kwfbl; olwpfa,muf a,mufudk&Smcsif&if
-ol vdkuf&SmrSmyJ -bmvdkY eifu umvm &JU tajz udkrajzao;wmvJ
-olapmifhaewmu ighudkr[kwfbl;av -eif enf;enf;avmufMudK;pm;&r,fxifw,f
uRefr &Sifh&JU axmufyHhrIaMumifh rjzpfraevkyfae&wmaemf
-&Sifu wu,fudk rif;om;ygyJ -eifodw,f rvm; 'DrSm
raeYu wu,faumif;wJht&mav;a&muf&Sdvmw,f
tvkyfvm&Smwmav olUqDrSm eifrydkifqdkifwJh t&meSpfck&Sdw,f
udk,fEIwftrIt&m ,Ofaus;w,f &if om;MuD;uvnf; MuD;w,f
olU&JU eHywfxm;cJhzdkYajymvdkufw,f
olUtoufatmifhxm;w,fqdkwm aocsmygw,f
-ol b,frSmvJ -ol unbufrS vIyf&Sm;wm
bdkerfZm rSm &SmMunfh
'gu odyfrqdk;bl;rvm;
rif;'Dudk wpf&ufeSpf&ufavmufjyefrvm&ifaumif;r,f *Ref
ol wpfckckcGJoGm;&if eifay;&r,faemf
a[h a[h tvsifrvdkygeJY
aeYvnfpm pm;wmtqifajywmrvm; *Ref
rif; bmaMumifh ighudka&SmifNyD;oGm;aewmvJ
rif; b,fuae vmwmvJ ig&Hk;udkyJvmwmvm;
-igvkyfxm;wJh pm&GufawGudk vufrSwfxdk;zdkYav -tck rtm;ao;bl;
cPaetkef; rif; bmudkrS oabmrwlcJhbl;rvm; owda&m &ao;vm;
-igwdkYu rif;&JUtcGifhta&;udk umuG,faewmav -cPapmifhtkef;
igarQmfvifhxm;wJhtcsdefxufawmh aemufrusapeJYaemf
igwdkY 'DaeUvnfcif;avmuf ajymvdkY&rvm;
rif; aemufxyfaqG;aEG;p&mawG &Sdaeao;w,frvm;
-uGm;&Sif;zdkY udpötjyifudkav -bmudkvJ
bmudpöudkvJ
ig vdkif;ay:rSm tdyfaewmr[kwfbl; *Ref
rif;rSm zdtm;awG trsm;MuD;&Sdaew,fqdkwmudk igodygw,f
ig Mum;xm;wmawG&Sdw,f
trSm;av; wpfck eSpfckaMumifh
b0wpfckvHk;ysufqD;oGm;rSmudk igrMunfhcsifbl; rif; b0wpfckwnf;r[kwfbl; *Ref
rif; bmajymcsifwmvJ
awG;p&maumifav; &Sdao;w,fav edkvef
olu 'DxJrSm rygbl;aemf
[kwfwmaygh oleJY oufqdkifwmaygh *Ref olu rif;&JUom;yJav
jyóem trsm;pku xifoavmufvJ rqdk;ygbl;
rif;udkaemufuG,fu aervkyfMuHcif
rif; aqG;aEG;vdkYvnf;&w,fav
cifAsm;rSm ajymp&mwpfckck&Sd&if zGifhajymvdkuf
'DjrdKUav;ay:rSm pdwf0ifpm;p&mawGu wpfcsdefwnf;jzpfay:aew,f
'DjrdKUi,fav;rSm a&SUaeawGu ajccsif;&Iyfaewmyg
'DrSm w&m;Oya'&Sdygw,f
uRefawmfh &JUwpfckwnf;aomjyóemu uRefawmfh rdom;pkjyefvmzdkYyJ
cifAsm; uRefawmfh udk'grulnDedkifbl;qdk&if cifAsm; eJY pum;ajymaezdkY uRefawmfhrSm tcsdefr&Sdbl;
rpöwm uRefrudk jrdKYxJjyefydkYay;edkifrvm;
rif; olwdkUwu,f&,faew,fvdkUxifaewmvm; olwdkY r[kwfygbl;
ygvwfpwpf&ifom; eJYvlawG&Sdw,faemf
olwdkY&JU [mudkawmh olwdkY&JUajcaxmufutom;eJY vkyfxm;wmaemf
q&m0efu olU[mudk jzwfvdkuf
NyD;awmh olUudkjyefcsKyfay;vdkufw,fav
-bmulnD&rvJ -aumepf qdkwJhaumif 'DrSm&Sdvm;
-rajymedkifbl; -cifAsm;u rajymedkifbl;vm;
-rajymedkifbl; -vuf&Snf&Snf ajcaxmuf&Snf&Snf eJYav
apmufoHk;ruswJh wufwl;awG&Sdw,fav cifAsm;awGUzl;vm;
olUrSm emrnfwlawGvnf;&Sdaeedkifw,f
Munfh&wm olUu tawGUrcHcsifbl;xifw,f
rawGUcsifbl; [kwfvm; ol b,ftcef;xJrSmvm;
tcef; cGef xJrSm rif; vmaew,fqdkwmudk igolUudkajymay;r,f
uRefawmf udk,fwdkifyJ oGm;vdkufygr,f
NyD;awmh uRefawmf 'Dudkvnf;rvmcJhbl;aemf
rif;u awmfwJhaumifav;yJ [kwfw,frvm;
igu tJhvdkaumif r[kwfbl;
-ajymyg -wHcg;zGifhay;yg tcef;oefU&Sif;a&;yg
aoprf;
rif; 'Dudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ
ig [ma0;udk oGm;cJhw,f rif; vmawGpOf;pm;aewmvJ
rif;twGuf ydkufqHawGvGJvdkufrSmudk apmifhaewmvm;
ig'gudk vkyfNyD;NyDav ighvl ig vkyfNyD;oGm;NyD
-[kwfvm; rif;vkyfNyD;NyDvm; -aovdkufawmh
ighudkjyóem vm&SmaeNyD
eSpf&ufawmif ighaumifawGeJY &Sdaewm
rif; ydkufqH awG&atmifrvkyfedkifbl;qdk&if
igwdkY aq;twGuf tvkyf&Iyf&awmhr,f rif;em;vnfNyDvm;
rif; ighudk,HkrS &r,fav [kwfNyDvm;
ig ydkufqHawG jyef&zdkY eD;pyfaeygNyD
rif;&JU tcef;azmfudkrS rif;r,HkMunf&if rif;b,fol udkoGm;,HkrSmvJ
aumif;aumif; vkyfprf;yg
zifacgif;xJuawmh bmtMuHrS xGufrSmr[kwfbl;
rif; tjyifudka&mufoGm;wJhtcsdefus&if
rif;&JU tcsdefawGudk olcdk;awG vlowform;awG vlvdrfawGeJYyJ
ukefqHk;cJhw,fqdkwmudk rif;odvmvdrfhr,f
[kwfw,f 'grSefw,f rif;aumvdyf udkvmwkef;u
igwdkYawG aecJhwJhuvyf twdkif;yJav rif;tJh'gudk b,fvdkac:cJhwmvJ
wuúodkvfvli,ftzGJY rif;u aMumifawmifawmifaumifyJ
[kwfw,f tJh'dvdkyJav
ydkufqHawGu b,fae&mrSmvJ
ausmufwGif;xJu 'D &Snfhav;awGu
qufrajymeJYawmh olUemrnfu b,folvJ
*RefrGef ol b,frSm xm;xm;w,fqdkwmudk
awmh igaocsmrodbl; 'gayr,fh em;axmifygtkef;
ig olU&JU rdef;reJY uav;eJY &if;eSD;ygw,f
-&SmzdkYtwGuf igeJY tvkyfwlwlvkyfyg -ol &oGm;w,fqdkwm aocsmvm;
rif; jrifcJhvm;
rjrifcJhygbl; 'gayr,fh ol&oGm;w,fqdkwmudkawmh igodw,f
-aumif;ygNyD *sD&rf b,frvJ -ig vnf;rodbl;av
olU tarqD oGm;wmaerSmaygh 'grSr[kwf wpfae&m&mudk
ol b,fawmhurS ighqDudk xGufroGm;zl;bl;
ol b,frSmvJ
ig vnf;rodbl;av olwpfckckudkaMumufaewmvm;rSrodwm 'grSr[kwf wpfckckudk
rif; vdrfaewmyJ ighudk rvdrfprf;ygeJY
ighaumifrav; b,frSmvJ
-b,frSmvJ -olaooGm;NyD
ig olUudk uGefwdefem xJrSmawGUcJhwm
-,HkMunfay;yg -ol olaooGm;NyDvm;
ig rif;udkajymrjycsifbl;av\ igrif;udk a'govnf;rxGufapcsifbl;av
ig vkyfwmr[kwfbl;aemf
tMurf;zuform;aumif
rif; ighudkt&rf; vkyf&cufwJh tajctaerSm vkyfcdkif;w,f
ig *RefrGefudk udkifwG,fr,fvdkY igwdkY oabmwlxm;w,fvdkU igxifw,f
[vdk
*RefrGefu 'dk;eyf pm;wJholwpfa,mufvm;qdkwmudk igodcsifw,f
'gu cifAsm; vdkcsifwmrvm;
-'g ig&JYaemufqHk; -rif; udkigowfvdkufrSmaemf olb,frSmvJ
-*Ref -igh om;b,frSmvJ
*Ref rif;pdwfwdkaewmudkigem;vnfygw,f ighudk pum;ajymcGifhav;ay;ygtkef;
-ighrdef;rb,frSmvJ olb,frSmvJ -*suf raeUu ighudkvmawGUcJhw,f
aemufwpfck olb,frSm&Sdw,fqdkwmu
igrif;vnfyif; udk&dkufcsdK;vdkufrSmaemf
ig rif;&JU a&SUaewpfa,muftaeeJY olUudkajymwmyg rif;udk ajymzkdUudkvnf; igcGifhrjyKcJhygbl;
-'gayr,fh olu wif;cHaew,f -rif; 'Dzkef;udk aumufudkifvdkuf
-NyD;awmh igrdom;pkudkac:xm;wJhaumifudk qufvdkuf -rif;&JU rdom;pkudkvm;
*Ref *Ref ig ig
rif;pdwf &IyfaxG;aew,fvdkUigxifw,f *sufu rif;udkajymzdkY ighudkawmif;qdkcJhw,f
ol atmufbdk; vrf;r ay:rSm igrajymoifh bl;vdkYxifvdkYyg
olaMumufaew,f *Ref
ol rif;udkem;rvnfedkifawmhbl;wJh rif;'DydkufqHawGeJY yufoufNyD;ajymaewmawG
b,fu &w,fqdkwmawGudk ol rpOf;pm;wwfatmifjzpfaeNyDwJh
rif;u 'DydkufqHawGu rdk;ay:u usvmwJhyHkpHtwdkif; ajymaew,fwJh
rif; bmawG vkyfcJhw,fqdkwmudkvJ olrodbl;wJh
'grSr[kwf rif;vkyfcJhwmawGu
rif;tay:udk vm; olUtay:udkvm;
-txl;ojzifh edkvef tay:udkusa&mufvmrvm;qdkwmudkvnf;aMumufaew,f -cifAsm; uRefawmfhudkjcdrf;ajcmufaewmvm;
uRefawmfhudk vmNyD; rvSnfhpm;ygeJY cifAsm; olwdkYtwGuftvkyf vkyfaew,fqdkwmudk uRefawmfodNyD;NyD
-*Ref igwu,fudkrodygbl; -awmfawmh
'DydkufqHawG ub,fvdka&mufvmwmvJ b,fuae a&mufvmwvJ
igvnf;rar;cJhbl; igvnf;rif;udkrar;cJhbl;
b,fuae b,fvdka&mufvmw,fqdkwmudkaygh
raumif;wJhae&mu &wmvdkYajymcJhr,fqdk&if
w&m;Oya' twdkif;ajymif;vJzdkY igwm0ef&Sdw,f
'gu tm;vHk; vufa&SmifcsifaeMuw,fvdkYigxifw,f [kwfw,frvm;
-a0gvef udkac:vdkuf -a0gvef udkvm;
-a0gvef yJ[kwfw,f olUudkac:vdkuf -tdk; bk&m;a&
-aumepf eJYvnf;wpfa,muftvkyfvkyfaew,f -igwdkY tdkbD'ef eJY pum;oGm;ajymoifhw,fvdkUxifw,f
igwdkY tdkbD'ef udkajymvdkYr&awmhbl; olaooGm;NyD tck cifAsm; a0gvef udkyJac:yg
NyD;awmh olydkifwJh ydkufqHawGrif;qDrSm a&mufaeNyDvdkYajymvdkuf olua&m b,frSmvJ
*Ref rif;b,folUudk
ig a0gvef udkvnf;rodbl;
rif;'DrSm bmvm vkyfaewmvJ *Refedk
*Refedk rif;ighudk aoewfeJY csdefxm;wmyJ
[kwfw,f b,fvdkaevJ
igjyeftdyfoifhw,fvdkY igxifw,f
ig rxcsifao;bl;
'gudkMunfhprf; qefrGef
'Dtay:rSm rif;emrnfu bmaMumifhygae&wmvJ
'gudk tdkbD&JY [dkw,fcef; xJuawGUvmwm
ighqD vmNyD;aemufwpfnrSm rif;oGm;vdkufwm igrodbl;vdkY rxifvdkufeJY
rif; bmawGajymaewmvJ *Ref
ig tJh'dudk rSm&Sdaew,f qefrGef
tdkau
xdkifyg *Refedk ig rif;twGifaomufp&m ,lay;r,f
rif; u ighudkaomufp&m,lay;r,f [kwfvm;
rdef;uav; eSpfa,mufavmufvJ ygedkifwmaygh
rif; ighudkjyKpkr,faygh
-igu rif;udkemusifatmifvkyfyghrvm; *Refedk -ighudkajymyg qefrGef
rif; rdkufcf udkypfcJhwmvm;
ig acG;udkawmh rypfbl;
vmyg 'DuaexGufoGm;awmh vmyg 'DuaexGufoGm;awmh
rif; ighrdef;reJY ighuav;udka&m 'DvdkyJ vkyfcJhwmvm;
'DtaMumif;udkajym&atmif *Refedk
[kwfw,f ajymMu&atmif
'DtaMumif;udkajymMu&atmif
-'DtaMumif;udkajymMu&atmif -aumif;NyD
tck igajymwm rif;em;vnfoGm;NyDvm;
rif;u ighudkajymw,f
ighudkajymjy ygqefrGef
rif; ighudkcGifhvTwfyg *Refedk
'DavmufydkufqHawG trsm;MuD;u
qif;&Jom;wpfa,muftwGuf bmvkyf&rSmvJ *Refedk
rif; aomufxm;wmvm;
olaX;awGvdkaygh
'DrSm rif;twGuf
vGefcJhwJheSpf&ufu igbpfaumfvufwD eJY bkdeefZm udkoGm;cJhw,f
olUvlMuD; udkykef;&if;eJYav
ol ig&JU wd&pämefawGtm;vHk;udk 'Dudk a&TUcJhw,fav
ig 'gawGudk [eftwGuf qufrvkyfedkifawmhbl;qdk&if
ol ighudktHhMoNyD; vmawGUrSmyJ
ol ighudk MumaeNyDNzpfwJh ukwfurdkif;awG vmay;w,f
ol ighudkwpfcsufMunfhNyD;wmeJY
olUvufu 0Sufxm;wJhae&mukda&mufoGm;w,f
NyD;awmh olwl;NyD;awmh jyefjrKwfxm;wJhae&muae
wpfa,mufa,muf u vm,loGm;w,f
'gu rif;yJ *Refedk
'DydkufqHawGu igh&JU tonf;uifqm vdkyJ
ig rif;udkodvmwm eSpf eSpfq,f&SdNyD
'g igodwJh qefrGef r[kwfawmhbl;
tJh'dn udkawmh tD&m eJYarmfvD uaxmufyHhay;xm;w,f
ucsifwJh vlu uaygh
igu tdkbD'ef eJY a&bef udkausmfNyD;ajy;cJhw,f
tD&m ab;uif;zdkYtwGuf
tD&m olUudkarmif;xkwfwmawmif olu ae aeao;w,f
tck 'gawGjzpfcJhwm oHk; av; eSpf&SdygNyD
igwdkY tm;vHk;txJudk 0ifNyD; tJh'gudkzGifhvdkufw,f
txJrSm tm;vHk; vHkjcHKoGm;NyDvdkY igawG;cJhw,f
tJh'd xJrSmyJ tm;vHk;jzpfoGm;wmyJ
eSpfywfawmf rS tD&mu ighudkt&ufjyif;zdk;awGay;cJhw,f
ig bk&m;ocifudkwdkifwnfNyD;ajym&Jygw,f
igtck vdkaomufaewm
ighrSm taMumif;jycsuf&Sdygw,f
ightwGufawmh t&rf;udkxdcdkufp&maumif;wJh taMumif;jycsufaygh
ola&;xm;wJh eHywfawGeJY
rcGJedkifwJh [efwpfa,mufuvGJvdkY
igwdkY tdrfa&SUwHcg;uae0ifcJhw,f
ol tdrfay:udkajy;wufoGm;NyDawmh
c&D;p&dwftwGuf armfvD&JU &wemypönf;awGudk oGm;,lw,f
'Dae&mudk oltJhvdktdyfoGefzmarSmuf &SmaewJhtwGuf igolUtwGuf pdwfraumif;ygbl;
'gaMumifh igatmufxyfudkqif;cJhw,f
a&cJaowÅmqDudkoGm;NyD bD,m ,lNyD;awmh
wDAD xdkifMunfhaecJhw,f
q,fig;rdepfawmifrMumygbl;
tdkbD'ef atmufudkqif;vmw,f olwpfudk,fvHk;rSmvnf;aoG;awGeJY
NyD;awmh tif;tm;csif;rnDrQwJh tD&m wdkufcdkufae&wJh taMumif;udkajymw,f
ig tay:udkajy;wufoGm;awmh armfvDu aooGm;NyD awmfao;wmaygh
tD&m uawmh touf&Iaeao;w,f
aoG;awGu vnf;trsm;MuD;xGufaew,f
igyg vdkufaocsifpdwfaygufwJh tMunfhav;eJY ighudk pdkufMunfhNyD;awmh
ig olUudk vufvTwfvdkuf&w,f
igu 'Pf&m &aewJh orifMuD;vdkygyJ
tD&m u rif;udka&G;cJhwmyg
armfvD vnf;twlwlyJ
tD&m vnf; eSpfawGtukefvHk;udk
olaX;wpfa,mufvdkrjzwfoef;&awmhbl;aygh
'gayr,fh rif;odw,frvm; *Refedk
igwdkYawG tzGJUuGJoGm;wmydkaumif;w,fvdkY oluajymw,f
ydkufqHawGudk xdef;odrf;xm;wJhae&mu ae,lvmNyD;awmh
igu ighum;&yfxm;wJh ae&mudk
tacgif;ayguf twdkif;ajy;w,f
olrxGufcif txd igwdkY,lcJhwJh
olU tpDtpOfawGtm;vHk;udk igcefYrSef;cJhw,f
tck olvnf;r&Sdawmhbl;
jcdrf;ajcmufzdkYtwGufawmh rif;
aumfemudk bmrSrvkyfygeJY *Refedk
aumif;NyD olu tckaooGm;NyD vnfyif;jywfoGm;wm
rif; vkyfcJhwmr[kwfygbl;aemf *Refedk
ol vmwJhvrf;twdkif; oljyefoGm;&w,fqdk&ifawmif
ig owfcJhwmr[kwfbl; rif; oli,fcsif;vkyfcJhwm
igh rSm oli,fcsif;r&Sdygbl; *Refedk
rif;wpfa,muf uvGJvdkYaygh
rif; 'gudkvkyfzdkU enf;vrf; &oGm;NyDav
rif;udkemusifatmif vkyfzdkY igolUudkcGifhjyKrSmr[kwfbl; *Refedk
rif;udk xdcdkufatmif rvkyfcJhygbl;aemf
'gu olwdkUvdkcsifaewJh aiGaMumifhyJ
rif; bmtwGuf tJh'dydkufqHawG,lcJhwmvJ *Refedk
rif; vl,kwfrm rif; bmtwGuf tJh'dydkufqHawG,lcJhwmvJ
usOfwpfawmifhavmufqdk rif;acgif;&Sif;oGm;avmufw,f *Refedk
oGm;Mu&atmif
pdwfat;at;xm;yg
-a[h -*RefrGef
-'Dudk bmvmvkyfwmvJ cspfav; -tdrfrSm vkyfwJhaygifrkefU,lvmay;wm
-tdk; -NyD;awmh [if;enf;enf;a&maygh
-uRefr udk,fwdkifyxrqHk;tMudrf &SifhtwGufvkyfvmwmaemf -eifuvm; iguHaumif;wmaygh
'DrSm bmMuD;vJ
tDwvDa[m*D; uRefr&S,fvkyfxm;wJh[maygh
eif &S,fvkyfxm;wJh[mvm;
tar a&m uRefra&m &Sifhudkpdwfylaew,f *Ref
-&Sifu bmrSrajymyJeJY 'DuaeaysmufoGm;wmav -ig bmrSrjzpfygbl;
&Sifh yHkpHMunfh&wm tqifajywJhyHkray:ygbl;
&Sif 'DvdkyHkpHr[kwfygbl;
[kwfw,f igawmifay:u owfawmfxJrSm touf&Iusyfaewm
ig&JU um;twGuf yvufacgif;topfoGm;,lwmav
uRefr aeYvnfpm jyifaewJhtcsdefrSm
a&oGm;csdK;xm;vdkuf *RefrGef
oGm;av
ightwGuf wpfckyJvkyfaemf
NyD;&if eiftdrfjyefawmh igajymwmMum;vm;
a[h tJbD
aumifrav;
ig vkyfvdkufr,f
igvkyfvdkufygr,f enf;enf;vkyf&rSmrvdkU
'gxm;zdkYtwGufae&m &Sm&tkef;r,f txJrSm jynfhaeNyDav
ig vkyfvdkufygr,f
*Ref &Siftqifajy&JUvm;
ajyygw,f ig
ig yifyef;aevdkYyg
wu,fudk yifyef;aevdkYyg
trdk;awGuGmatmif avwdkufaewmr[kwfvm; *Ref
tif;
tif; igodygw,f
igwdkY pm;Muawmhrvm;
oGm;pm;Mu&atmif
'DaeYreuf owif;rSm
raeYu jrdKUxJrSmjzpfcJhwJh vlowfrItaMumif;ygw,f
b,folowfwmvJqdkwmawmh &JawGrajymbl; tJh'd{&d,m rSm rSwfwrf;awGeJY
&if;jrpf awGawmh &Sdw,fwJh
olwdkY wpfa,mufa,mufudka&moD;jcm;awGUao;vm;
tJh'daooGm;wJhwpfa,mufeJY twlaewJh rdef;rtcef;xJrSmav
tdrfazmfru oleJYtwlawGUwm cE¨mudk,fuawmh &SmrawGYao;bl;
bmawGjzpfaewmvJ 'dkif&mbvdk
o0efwdkaewm jzpfr,f
&Sifqdk &ifawmh umuG,fr,fvdkY uRefrtNrJwrf;arQmfvifhw,f
ig u bmaumifrS r[kwfbl;av
cefYnm;w,f odrfarGUw,f 'gayr,fh tif;tm;MuD;w,f
vlom;wpfa,muf&JU tjrifeJYvm;
&Sif jynfhpHkwJh rdef;uav;wpfa,muf udktrdzrf;zkdUvdkawmhw,f
*RefrGef 'guaocsmwJhtvkyfyJav
&Sif txJrSm a&'D,dk zGifhcJhwmvm;
tif; xifwmyJ
igoGm;ydwfvdkuftkef;r,f eiftdrfjyefawmh
-bmjzpfvdkYvJ bmaMumifhvJ -olwdkYeifb,foGm;vJ odcsifaevdrfhr,f
uRefr vlawGtdrfrSmwpfa,mufrSr*Sdbl; NyD;awmh uRefr pm;rNyD;ao;bl;
-ig ajymovdk eiftdrfudkjyefygawmh -uRefr b,fudkrSroGm;edkifbl; *RefrGef
oludk emusifatmifrvkyfygeJU olUudk vTwfay;vdkufyg
ig rif;udk ydkufqHawGay;yghr,f
rif;aoewfudkypfcsvdkuf
tck vkyfvdkuf
atmufudkcsvdkuf
rif; "g;udk qGJxkwfvdkuf
tckMudK;,lNyD;awmh oludkwkyfvdkuf
MudK;udk,lvdkuf vkyfav
olYvufudk csnfvdkuf
olUvufudk csnfvdkufprf;yg
csnfvdkufvdkY igajymaew,fav wif;wif;csnf
rawmfwq jzpfoGm;wmyg
-ig olUudkorif eJYrSm;oGm;wmyg -orif eJYvm; [kwfNyD
tck ajcaxmufudkcsnfvdkuf ajcaxmufudkcsnfvdkufav
-ol tckb,frSmvJ -opfawm xJrSm igolUudkjrKwf vdkufNyD
ig rif;udktck tJh'dudkac:oGm;ay;vdkY&w,fav
rvdkbl; &JawGajymNyD;NyD
ig vkyfedkifwmwpfckck&Sd&if
ig jyeftpm;xdk;ay;csifygw,f
rif; olUudkvkyfcJhao;vm;
rif;udk olcspfw,fvdkYajymxm;wJhpm
olUqDu igawGYcJhw,fav
rif; olUudk [m0dkif udkac:oGm;r,fvdkUvnf;ajymxm;w,f
rif;u ighpmudkzufcJhw,faygh bk&m;a&
rif; ighudk iwHk; vdkYxifaewmvm;
aumif;NyD aumif;NyD ighydkufqHawG b,frSmvJ
awmifay:rSmyg [dkem;av;wifyg igrif; udktck tJh'dudkac:oGm;r,fav
olUudk xm;cJhvdkufyg rif;eJU igeJY oGm;Mur,fav
r[kwfbl; bmvdkY'Dvdkkvkyf&rSmvJ rif; igh&JUydkufqHawGudk oGm;,lvmay;
-igu 'DrSm oleJY aeaer,f olUemrnfb,fol -tefbD
tif; igeJY tefbD eJYu aumif;aumif;cifoGm;MurSmyg
-rif; ighudkvkyfcJhovdkaygh -olUudkvTwfay;vdkufyg
rif;eJY igeJY tck tJh'dudkoGm;Mur,f
-rif;um; b,frSmvJ -rif;eJY igeJYtwl -rif;&JU um;b,frSmvJ
tay:rSmyg tay:av;rSmwifyg
-tJh'drSm aoewfawG&Sdao;vm; -ighrSm bmaoewfrSr&Sdawmhygbl; rif;tukef,loGm;NyDav
-rif; usdef&Jvm; -usdef&Jygw,f -rif;b0 eJY&if;NyD;usdef&Jvm;
-ig b0eJY &if;NyD;usdef&Jygw,f -aumif;NyD
ig rif;udk,HkMunfcsifygw,f *Ref 'gayr,fh rif;ighaumifrav;udk owfcJhwmav
ig ,HkMunfzdkYcufaew,f rif;em;vnfw,frvm;
tck igtmrcH vdkcsifaew,f [kwfw,f
-*Ref rif;vufxkwfvdkuf -rif; tJhvdkvkyfzdkYrvdkygbl; ighudk,Hkyg
rif;vufudk pm;yGJay:wifvdkufyg
rif;aoewf udkifwJhvuf ighudk iwHk;rsm;xifaevm;
-rif; tJhvdkvkyfp&mrvdkygbl; -rif;yg;pyf[vdkY igajymaew,f
rif;vufudk tck pm;yGJay:wifvdkuf
rif;twGufawmh emusifrJhyHkyJ
tck udkufxm;awmh wif;wif;av; udkufxm;aemf
Munfh igtck rif;udk,HkoGm;NyD *Ref
tck ighydkufqHawGudk oGm;,lay;awmh
bk&m;a&
aumif;NyD txJoGm;NyDawmh rif;vufudkwpfckckoGm;vkyfvdkuf
oGm;av
eif&JU aumifav;u trsm;MuD;rvkyfcJhygbl;
tm;vHk; tqifajyoGm;rSmyg
eif uydefydefyg;yg;av;yJ
rif;jrefjrefjyefvmNyD;awmh
rif; udk,fwdkifwpfpqD vkyfcsifw,frvm;
*Ref
ighudk us,fus,fatmfajymyg *Ref
rif; b,fae&mrSmvJ
ig eJY vmMunfhygtkef;
ig um; em;rSmyg
rif; ydkufqHawG&NyDvm;
igt&ifqHk; wl;&tkef;r,fav
enf;enf;awmh tcsdef,l&rSmaygh
igwwfedkifoavmufjrefjrefvmyghr,f
rif; tJh'drSmvnf; aoraeeJYtkef;
jrefjrefvkyf *Ref
tefbD
pdwfat;at;xm; cspfav;
ol eifhudk xyfNyD;emusifatmifrvkyfedkifawmhygbl;
tqifajyygw,faemf
tm;vHk;NyD;oGm;ygNyD
bmrS rjzpfygbl;aemf
oGm;&atmif x oGm;&atmif x
ajz;ajz;
t&m&Sd udkac:vdkuf
*Ref &Sifaq;&HkudkoGm;rS&rSmav
ig bmrSrjzpfygbl; tckoGm;awmh
-&Sif 'gudk*&kpdkuf&tkef;r,fav -aumif;ygNyD
igtqifajyygw,f
ig vkyfp&m&Sdwmudk t&ifoGm;vkyf&tkef;r,fav
oGm;awmh t&m tm;vHk;tqifajyoGm;rSmyg
igtdkauygw,f bmrSrjzpfygbl;
acG;rom; igwdkY
igwdkY rif;udk [m0dkifudkawmif rac:oGm;&awmhbl;
rif; b,folUtwGufaooGm;wmvJ
eufeufav;wl; wpfa,mufrS
jyefazmfvdkYr&atmifwl;
'g rif;taz qDuyJav
[kwfw,f